Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: Astrocytes Amplify Neuronal Dendritic Volume Transmission Stimulated by Norepinephrine

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.092

Figure Lengend Snippet: KEY RESOURCES TABLE

Article Snippet: rabbit anti GFAP , Phosphosolution , Cat# 620-GFAP; RRID:AB_2492124.

Techniques: Virus, Plasmid Preparation, Recombinant, Software

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: Angiopoietin-2 aggravates Alzheimer’s disease by promoting blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116621

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Increased CD74 + activated microglia co-labeled with Iba1 in the brain cortex of 6-month-old 5xFAD mice treated with ANGPT2 AAV compared to control-AAV-treated mice (A), with corresponding quantification (B). Arrowheads indicate CD74 + activated microglia. Scale bars: 50 μm. (C and D) Representative images (C) and quantification (D) showing increased cell body diameter and decreased dendritic length of Iba1 + microglia in ANGPT2-AAV-treated 5xFAD mice compared with controls. Asterisks mark the centers of Iba1 + microglial nuclei. Scale bars: 10 μm. (E and F) Elevated GFAP + reactive astrocytes co-labeled with S100β in the cortex of ANGPT2-AAV-treated 5xFAD mice compared with controls (E), with corresponding quantification (F). Arrowheads indicate GFAP + reactive astrocytes. Scale bars: 50 μm. (G and H) Morphological analysis of GFAP + reactive astrocytes showing increased branching and area coverage in ANGPT2-AAV-treated 5xFAD mice compared to control-AAV-treated mice (G), with corresponding quantification (H). Scale bars: 50 μm (white) and 20 μm (yellow). (I) Cytokine profile analysis showing increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in ANGPT2-AAV-treated 5xFAD mice compared to control-AAV-treated mice. Each dot indicates an individual mouse for (B), (F), (H), and (I). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Next, sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with the following primary antibodies: For mouse tissue sections: CD31 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA3105), β-amyloid (Abcam, ab2539, ab126649), TIE2 (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., human monoclonal, REGN1376), pTIE2 (R&D systems, AF2720), ANGPT2 (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., human monoclonal, REGN910), PDGFR β (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 14-1402-82), fibrin(ogen) (Dako, A0080), claudin-5 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 34-1600), GFAP (Aves Lab, GFAP), S100 β (Abcam, ab52642), Iba1 (Fujifilm Wako, 019-19741), CD74 (BioLegend, 151002), occludin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 71-1500), PLVAP (BD Biosciences, 550563), and caveolin-1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc53564).

Techniques: Labeling, Control

Journal: Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology

Article Title: Hereditary ferritinopathy: a novel mutation, its cellular pathology, and pathogenetic insights.

doi: 10.1093/jnen/64.4.280

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 9. Hyaline deposits. Pallidum. (A) Pleomorphic hyaline deposits, some containing nuclei, within the same area of GPe as in Figure 6A. (B) Prussian-blue reactivity. (C) PTAH reactivity. (D) Polyclonal anti-ferritin immunoreactivity. (E) Rare association of hyaline deposits with GFAP-immunoreactive astrocyte. (F) HO-2-immunoreactivity. Original magnifications: (A) Hematoxylin and eosin, 1503; (B) Perl’s stain, 2203; (C) 2203; (D) 2503; (E) 2203; (F) 2503.

Article Snippet: In order to identify the cell(s) of origin of the unique vacuolated nuclei, antibodies to S-100 (polyclonal, 1:20k, Lot #941; Innovation Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), GFAP, CD68 (monoclonal, 1:200, Lot #120201; DAKO), and carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) (polyclonal, 100-401-136/4383, 1:15k with retrieval; Rockland, Gilbertsville, PA) were applied to sections of basal ganglia and cerebellum, while antibodies to synaptophysin (monoclonal, 1:100 with retrieval, #M0363-UC/0403; Biogenex, San Ramon, CA), PGP 9.5 (polyclonal, 1:1,000 with retrieval, Lot #11830; Biogenesis, Handsown, NH), neurofilament protein 2F11 (monoclonal, 1:350, #M0762/117 DAKO) (101), and amyloid precursor protein (APP A4; monoclonal, 1:20K with heat retrieval, #23080547, Chemicon) were applied to the section of basal ganglia.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Neuropeptide SP protects against colitis and linked anxiety-like behavior through the putative roles of gut microbiota and metabolite inositol

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-67904-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Diagram illustrating the mouse model of colitis employed in this study, and inositol treatments are indicated (Some schematic elements were created by Figdraw.com). b Daily body weight changes. n = 8 mice/group. c Diseases activity index. n = 6 mice/group. d Macroscopic pictures of colons. e H&E-stained colon sections. Scale bar = 100 μm. n = 5 independent experiments. f Immunofluorescence staining for E-cadherin (red)/DAPI (blue) in colon tissues. Scale bar = 100 μm. n = 4 independent experiments. g The mRNA level of inflammatory cytokines ( IL-1β , IL-6 and TNF-α ) in the colon. n = 4 mice/group. h , i Representative movement tracks in the open field test and related bar graphs (Distance traveled, distance of center region and speed). n = 6 mice/group. j , k Track plot of the elevated plus maze, and statistical analysis including percentage of time spent in the open arms and percentage of times entering the open arms. n = 6 mice/group. l Representative H&E-stained hippocampus sections of three groups. Scale bar = 100 μm. n = 6 independent experiments. m Photomicrographs of Nissl staining in the hippocampus. Scale bar = 100 μm. n = 6 independent experiments. n The mRNA expressions of downstream cytokines ( IL-6 , IL-1β , TNF-α and IL-10 ) in the hippocampus tissue. n = 5 mice/group. o Representative immunohistochemistry images of Iba-1 in hippocampus, Scale bar = 100 μm. n = 3 independent experiments. p The concentration of GABA in hippocampus tissue. n = 6 mice/group. q The mRNA expression of GABA A Rα1 in hippocampus. n = 5 mice/group. r The protein level of GABA B R detected by western blot. n = 3 independent experiments. s Double immunofluorescence staining for GFAP (red)/GAT1 (green) in the DG and CA1 regions of hippocampus tissue. Scale bar = 50 μm. n = 3 independent experiments. Data were presented as means ± SD. For body weight change, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed and the rest of the statistics was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001. Source data are provided as a file.

Article Snippet: Briefly, after deparaffinization, rehydration, and antigen retrieval, slides were blocked with donkey serum for 30 min at room temperature following incubation with primary antibodies against GFAP (1:1000, A8335, 1:200, NB100-53809, USA), Iba-1 (DF6442, 1:200, Affinity, China), E-cadherin (PB9561, 1:200, Boster, China), Mucin 2 (bsm-60016R, 1:100, Bioss, China), GABA A Rα1 (1:200, 12708-1-AP, Proteintech, China), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) (1:50, ab76703, Abcam, UK) and p-IKBα (1:100, WLH3930, Wanleibio, China) at 4 C overnight.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Concentration Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Double Immunofluorescence Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Ergothioneine, a dietary antioxidant improves amyloid beta clearance in the neuroretina of a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1107436

Figure Lengend Snippet: Colocalization of Aβ protein along with astrocytes or microglia/macrophage markers in the wholemount neuroretinas. (A) Negative control omitted for primary antibodies; double immunolabeling of (B–D) 6E10 and GFAP markers, and (E–G) 6E10 and IBA1 markers across the three animal groups are illustrated. 6E10(+)ve neuritic type Aβ plaques (white arrowheads) or large deposits (yellow arrowheads), GFAP+(ve) phagocytic astrocytes/PLS (red box), IBA1+(ve) microglia (blue arrowheads) or blood-derived macrophages (yellow box) are indicted. (H) Aβ plaque counts were compared across the three animal groups and illustrated using scatter plots. (I–K) 6E10, GFAP, and IBA1 immunoreactivities, respectively were compared across the three animal groups and illustrated using scatter plots. Significance levels of p < 0.05 are indicated as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. Scale bar, 20 μm; bright red, 6E10; bright green, IBA1; blue, DAPI. WT, C57BL/6J wildtype; SEM, standard error of mean.

Article Snippet: In addition to 6E10, GFAP, and IBA1, primary antibodies OCTN1 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# ACT-014, Alomone Labs), a marker for Ergo transporter and AQP4 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# AQP-004, Alomone Labs), a major membrane water channel in the CNS were used in the eye cross-sections.

Techniques: Negative Control, Immunolabeling, Derivative Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Ergothioneine, a dietary antioxidant improves amyloid beta clearance in the neuroretina of a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1107436

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of 6E10, IBA1, and GFAP protein markers in the wholemount neuroretinas.

Article Snippet: In addition to 6E10, GFAP, and IBA1, primary antibodies OCTN1 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# ACT-014, Alomone Labs), a marker for Ergo transporter and AQP4 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# AQP-004, Alomone Labs), a major membrane water channel in the CNS were used in the eye cross-sections.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Ergothioneine, a dietary antioxidant improves amyloid beta clearance in the neuroretina of a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1107436

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evidence for Aβ clearance by phagosome like structures on the surface of wholemount neuroretinas. (A–D) Negative control omitted for primary antibodies to distinguish debris or autofluorescence bodies (yellow arrowheads), (E–H) IBA1+(ve) phagocytic blood-derived macrophages or PLS (white arrowheads), and (I–L) GFAP+(ve) phagocytic astrocytes or PLS (white arrowheads) are illustrated on the surface of wholemount neuroretinas. (C) White circles in negative control show poor uptake of DAPI which distinguish the PLS from debris or autofluorescence based on DAPI(+)ve clumps of nuclei ( G,K , indicated by yellow and red boxes). Mean counts of GFAP(+)ve (M) and IBA1(+)ve (N) PLSs as indicated by red and yellow boxes, respectively were compared across the three animal groups and illustrated using scatter plots. Significance levels of p < 0.05 are indicated as * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01. Scale bar, 20 μm; bright red, 6E10; bright green, IBA1/GFAP; blue, DAPI. SEM, standard error of mean; PLS, phagosome like structure.

Article Snippet: In addition to 6E10, GFAP, and IBA1, primary antibodies OCTN1 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# ACT-014, Alomone Labs), a marker for Ergo transporter and AQP4 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# AQP-004, Alomone Labs), a major membrane water channel in the CNS were used in the eye cross-sections.

Techniques: Negative Control, Derivative Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Ergothioneine, a dietary antioxidant improves amyloid beta clearance in the neuroretina of a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1107436

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evidence for Aβ clearance through glymphatic and perivascular drainage systems on the surface of wholemount neuroretinas. 6E10 and GFAP colocalization revealed the existence of glymphatic drainages on the surface of wholemount neuroretinas. (A–D) Glymphatic drainage mediated by tightly attached astrocytic end-feet (white arrowheads) toward optic nerve (white asterisk), and the (E,F) 3D projections demonstrated its existence at surface level. (G–J) Aβ influx into the perivascular drainage by terminal end of the capillary bed (yellow arrowheads) on the surface of wholemount neuroretinas. (K) 3D projections demonstrated the existence of capillary bed involved in Aβ clearance at surface level. Scale bars, 50 μm and 20 μm; bright red, 6E10; bright green, GFAP; blue, DAPI. NFL, nerve fiber layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer.

Article Snippet: In addition to 6E10, GFAP, and IBA1, primary antibodies OCTN1 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# ACT-014, Alomone Labs), a marker for Ergo transporter and AQP4 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# AQP-004, Alomone Labs), a major membrane water channel in the CNS were used in the eye cross-sections.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Ergothioneine, a dietary antioxidant improves amyloid beta clearance in the neuroretina of a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1107436

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of IBA1 and GFAP protein markers in the retinal cross-sections.

Article Snippet: In addition to 6E10, GFAP, and IBA1, primary antibodies OCTN1 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# ACT-014, Alomone Labs), a marker for Ergo transporter and AQP4 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# AQP-004, Alomone Labs), a major membrane water channel in the CNS were used in the eye cross-sections.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Ergothioneine, a dietary antioxidant improves amyloid beta clearance in the neuroretina of a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1107436

Figure Lengend Snippet: Colocalization of 6E10 and GFAP protein markers in the retinal cross-sections. Expression pattern of 6E10 and GFAP markers in the central and peripheral regions of (A,D) WT (C57BL/6J) controls, (B,E) non-treated 5XFAD, and (C,F) Ergo-treated 5XFAD are illustrated. White arrowheads indicate intraneuronal accumulation of 6E10(+)ve Aβ proteins, and yellow arrowheads indicate GFAP(+)ve astrocytes, predominantly localized in NFL. GFAP immunoreactivity in the (G) central, and (H) peripheral retinas were compared across the three animal groups and illustrated using scatter plots. Significance levels of p < 0.05 are indicated as ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001. Scale bar, 20 μm; bright red, 6E10; bright green, GFAP. NFL, nerve fiber layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer.

Article Snippet: In addition to 6E10, GFAP, and IBA1, primary antibodies OCTN1 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# ACT-014, Alomone Labs), a marker for Ergo transporter and AQP4 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# AQP-004, Alomone Labs), a major membrane water channel in the CNS were used in the eye cross-sections.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Ergothioneine, a dietary antioxidant improves amyloid beta clearance in the neuroretina of a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1107436

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation between 6E10 and IBA1 or GFAP or AQP4 protein markers in the wholemount neuroretinas and retinal cross-sections. Spearman’s rank-order correlation test was conducted to see the association between protein markers based on the plane of view (surface vs. cross-sections). The strength of association between 6E10 and IBA1 expressions in the hemi-retinal wholemounts (A–C) , and retinal cross-sections (G–I) ; between 6E10 and GFAP expressions in the hemi-retinal wholemounts (D–F) , and retinal cross-sections (J–L) ; and between 6E10 and AQP4 expressions in the retinal cross-sections (M–O) are illustrated. Significance levels of p < 0.05 are indicated as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: In addition to 6E10, GFAP, and IBA1, primary antibodies OCTN1 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# ACT-014, Alomone Labs), a marker for Ergo transporter and AQP4 (rabbit polyclonal, Cat# AQP-004, Alomone Labs), a major membrane water channel in the CNS were used in the eye cross-sections.

Techniques:

Journal: Precision Clinical Medicine

Article Title: Drug pair-derived synergistic therapy of flavonoids luteolin and astragaloside IV promotes neural repair following spinal cord injury via antioxidant and neuroprotective effects

doi: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaf037

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lut-AST promoted regrowth of NF-positive neural fibers across the glial scar and 5-HT expression following SCI. (A) Double-labeled immunofluorescence images of NF (green) and GFAP (red) in longitudinal sections surrounding the injury site of rats in the Lut-AST treatment group and SCI group at 5 weeks post-injury, with corresponding quantitative analysis shown in (B) and (C). (D) Representative images showing 5-HT (green) staining in spinal cord longitudinal sections around the injury lesion of Lut-AST-treated rats and SCI rats at 5 weeks after SCI. Data are shown as mean ± SEM ( n = 6), * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.

Article Snippet: The sections were then stained with primary antibodies including: NF (Cell Signaling Technology, USA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; Boster, China), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 antibody (Iba1; WAKO, Japan), and 5-HT (WAKO, Japan), and incubated overnight at 4°C.

Techniques: Expressing, Labeling, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Formulation and Evaluation of Astaxanthin-Loaded Invasomes as Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease Induced in Rats: Role of SIRT-1/BDNF/miRNA-134/GSK-3β Signaling

doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-05241-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of AST and AST-LI on a β-amyloid, b p-Tau, c CX3CL1, and d GFAP concentrations in the brain tissues of rats in different groups. Values are represented as mean ± standard error of mean ( n = 7). Columns with different superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. AlCl3, aluminum chloride; AST-LI, astaxanthin-loaded invasomes; p-Tau, phosphorylated tau protein; CX3CL1, chemokine C-X3-C-motif ligand 1; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein

Article Snippet: The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ELISA kit ( Elabscience , Houston , Texas , 77,079 , USA ) and chemokine C-X3-C-motif ligand 1 (CX3CL1) ELISA kit ( Fine Test , Wuhan , Hubei , 430,206 , China ) were used to measure the concentrations of GFAP and CX3CL1, respectively.

Techniques: